quarta-feira, agosto 19, 2009

O Falcão Maltês - Dashiell Hammet



O livro o Falcão Maltês publicado originalmente em 1938 é considerado por muitos o romance policial mais importante da literatura. O estadunidense Dashiell Hammett imprimiu nas páginas de seu livro uma realidade dura e seca - verossímil e muito próxima ao cotidiano da sociedade em crise dos Estados Unidos da década de 30.

O resultado dessas linhas traçadas em um mundo irônico, mal e sem esperanças, habitado por detetives sem ética, policiais violentos e criminosos disfarçados entre os cidadãos comuns foi uma estética conhecida como noir.

A palavra vem do francês e significa “negro” e se difundiu pela literatura e pelo cinema caracterizada por diversos pontos técnicos específicos, mas tendo em comum a figura central de um protagonista representante da lei de caráter ambíguo e personalidade violenta.

No cinema em geral a estética é marcada pela fotografia em preto e branco, pela baixa iluminação, pelos ângulos de câmeras pouco convencionais e pela presença da narração em off do protagonista. O filme “The Maltese Falcon” de 1941, também foi um dos precursores da estética noir no cinema, dirigido por John Huston, eternizou a figura de Sam Spade na atuação de Humprhey Bogart, gerando um ícone comparativo para gerações e gerações de policiais e detetives durões no cinema.

Deixando de lado os aspectos técnicos e analisando o que todo mundo vê, a grande contribuição do romance escrito por Hammett foi uma mudança cultural na visão do detetive convencional e da mocinha indefesa. Um contraponto aos detetives de Agatha Christie e as donzelas virginais e indefesas foi criado em O Falcão Maltês.

O protagonista Sam Spade se tornou o modelo do detetive real, retirando de Poirot e Sherlock Holmes o manto de super-herói com a lupa que tudo enxerga. Spade é amoral, violento e egoísta, faz seu trabalho como ganha pão e não hesita diante da oportunidade de lucrar em cima da inocência de clientes ou da imbecilidade da polícia. Os crimes são solucionados através de uma investigação dedutiva, mas não genial, exigindo geralmente alguns socos e pontapés para chegar a conclusão derradeira – os músculos são tão importantes quanto o cérebro no cotidiano do detetive noir.

Sua postura, sua caracterização e seu “modus-operandi” se tornaram uma marca explorada até hoje, com diversas ramificações, tipos e caricaturas. O cômico Ed Mort de Luís Fernado Veríssimo, o detetive Patolino em episódio de desenho da Warner e o violento policial Hartingan da graphic novel Sin City; todos são netos bastardos de Sam Spade.

A contraparte feminina do romance, “Miss O´Shaugnessy”, é a inauguração de outro estereótipo que seria repetido à exaustão: a femme fatale. Sensual, supostamente indefesa e traiçoeira como uma víbora, a personagem feminina do romance noir geralmente é parte essencial da trama e transita entre vilões e protagonistas de acordo com seu interesse, utilizando todo o apelo do “sexo frágil”.

Os crimes, parte essencial da narrativa, são cometidos por profissionais em becos urbanos, sem testemunhas e de forma eficiente e pouco pirotécnica, nada de “ Coronel Mostarda, com o candelabro na Biblioteca”. As intrigas e as reviravoltas na trama são sempre verossímeis e as conclusões geralmente são pessimistas e desesperançosas.

Por isso engrosso o coro de fãs declarados do livro de Hammet. Mesmo antes de saber ler já estava exposto a diversas influencias do livro distribuídas em desenhos animados, séries de Tv e filmes para toda as idades.
Adaptado para vender óleo de motor no comercial de televisão, ou lançado para o futuro, na máquina do tempo do cinema, na pele do detetive Deckard(Harrisson Ford) de Blade Runner; a obra de Hammett não somente inovou como criou um molde difícil de ser superado.

Sam Spade com seu rosto anguloso em V pode aparecer no próximo best-seller, na próxima novela das oito ou na delegacia na esquina da sua casa, talvez nos três.

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